Hormone & Pelvic Health

Endometriosis is a chronic and debilitating Gynaecological Disorder in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, known as Endometrium, grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation, scarring, and adhesions. This misplaced tissue can occur in various parts of the pelvis, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, bowel, or other pelvic structures.

The exact cause of Endometriosis is still unknown, but a few theories have been proposed -

• Retrograde Menstruation - One theory is that menstrual tissue flows back through the fallopian tubes and implants itself on the pelvic walls and other organs.

• Immune System Dysfunction - Endometriosis may be caused by an abnormal immune response to endometrial tissue.

Symptoms of Endometriosis can vary in severity and may include -

1. Severe Pelvic Pain - Cramping, pelvic pressure, and tenderness

2. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding - Abnormal uterine bleeding, spotting, or prolonged periods

3. Infertility - Difficulty getting pregnant or recurrent miscarriage

4. Bowel or Bladder Symptoms - Painful bowel movements, rectal pain, urinary frequency or urgency

5. Fatigue - Feeling tired or exhausted

There is no cure for Endometriosis, but various treatment options can help manage symptoms -

1. Hormonal Therapies - Birth control pills, progestins, and GnRH agonists can reduce Oestrogen levels and slow down endometrial growth.

2. Pain Management - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and muscle relaxants can help alleviate pain.

3. Surgery - Laparoscopic surgery can remove endometrial implants and scar tissue.

4. Alternative Therapies - Mind-body therapies like acupuncture, yoga, meditation and mindfulness may help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

To diagnose Endometriosis, a healthcare provider will typically -

1. Perform a physical exam to check for tenderness and masses in the pelvis

2. Conduct a pelvic ultrasound to visualise the reproductive organs

3. Order blood tests to rule out other conditions

4. Perform a Laparoscopy to visually examine the pelvic cavity

Lifestyle Changes can also help alleviate symptoms -

1. Maintain a healthy weight

2. Exercise regularly

3. Manage stress

4. Avoid tight clothing

5. Keep a food diary to track potential food triggers

Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve quality of life for individuals with Endometriosis. It is essential for women to be aware of their symptoms and discuss them with their health practitioner to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Fertility issues refer to difficulties or challenges experienced by individuals or couples when trying to conceive a child. These issues can be related to the male partner, female partner, or both. Common fertility issues include -

Female Fertility Issues -

1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - A hormonal disorder causing irregular ovulation and cysts on the ovaries.

2. Endometriosis - A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, leading to inflammation and scarring.

3. Ovulation Disorders - Irregular ovulation, anovulation (failure to ovulate), or luteal phase defect (short luteal phase).

4. Tubal Factor Infertility - Blockage or damage to the fallopian tubes preventing egg transport.

5. Unexplained Infertility - No apparent cause for infertility after thorough evaluation.

Male Fertility Issues -

1. Low Sperm Count or Quality - Low numbers of sperm or poor sperm motility and morphology.

2. Varicocele - Enlarged veins in the scrotum that can cause temperature changes and affect sperm quality.

3. Epididymitis - Inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that stores and transports sperm.

4. Hormonal Imbalance - Hormonal imbalances, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone) or hypergonadism (high testosterone).

5. Unexplained Infertility - No apparent cause for infertility after thorough evaluation.

Common Causes of Fertility Issues -

1. Age - Decreased fertility with increasing age, especially in women.

2. Family History - Genetic factors can increase the risk of fertility issues.

3. Lifestyle Factors - Obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress can affect fertility.

4. Medical Conditions - Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders, can impact fertility.

5. Medications - Certain medications can interfere with fertility.

Treatment Options for Fertility Issues -

1. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) - IVF, ICSI, IUI, and other forms of assisted reproduction.

2. Medications - Hormonal medications to stimulate ovulation, treat hormonal imbalances, or improve sperm quality.

3. Surgery - Surgical procedures to repair fallopian tube blockages or varicoceles.

4. Lifestyle Changes - Changes to diet, exercise routine, and stress management can improve fertility.

5. Egg or Sperm Donation - Using donated eggs or sperm from a third party.

Emotional Support

Fertility issues can be emotionally challenging for individuals and couples. It's essential to seek emotional support from -

1. Healthcare Providers

2. Infertility Support Groups

3. Counselling Services

4. Online Resources and Forums

5. Loved Ones and Friends

Remember that fertility issues are common and treatable. It's crucial to consult with a professional to determine the best course of treatment and develop a personalised plan for overcoming fertility challenges.

Fertility and Trauma

Trauma can impact fertility in several ways -

1. Stress and Hormonal Imbalance - Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels, affecting ovulation and fertility.

2. Emotional Distress - Traumatic experiences can lead to emotional distress, which can affect relationships and overall well-being.

3. Physiological Changes - Trauma can cause physiological changes, such as changes in blood flow or nervous system function, which can affect fertility.

What is In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)?

IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) is a type of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) used to help individuals or couples conceive a child. The process involves fertilising an egg with sperm outside the body, in a laboratory dish, and then transferring the resulting embryo into the woman's uterus.

The IVF Process

1. Ovulation Induction - Medications are used to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of one.

2. Egg Retrieval - A minor surgical procedure is performed to collect the mature eggs from the ovaries.

3. Sperm Collection - A semen sample is collected from the male partner.

4. Fertilisation - The eggs are mixed with the sperm in a laboratory dish, and fertilisation occurs.

5. Embryo Culture - The resulting embryos are grown in a controlled environment for 3-5 days.

6. Embryo Transfer - One or more embryos are transferred into the woman's uterus through the cervix.

7. Pregnancy Test - A blood test is performed to confirm pregnancy after 2 weeks.

Types of IVF

1. Conventional IVF - The most common type, where one embryo is transferred at a time.

2. Elective Single Embryo Transfer (eSET) - Only one embryo is chosen and transferred, reducing the risk of multiple births and complications.

3. ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) - A single sperm is injected directly into an egg for fertilisation.

4. Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) - Previously frozen embryos are thawed and transferred into the woman's uterus.

5. Donor Sperm or Egg IVF - Using donor sperm or eggs from a third party.

Risks and Side Effects -

• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

• Multiple births (twins, triplets, etc.)

• Emotional stress and anxiety

• Risk of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy

Alternatives to IVF -

• Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

• Surrogacy

• Adoption

• Egg or sperm donation

It's essential to consult with a fertility specialist to discuss the best options for your individual situation and answer any questions you may have about IVF.

Understanding Menopause - What Every Woman Should Know

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life that signifies the end of her reproductive years. Although it is a common and inevitable part of aging, many women find themselves unprepared for the physical and emotional changes (and challenges) that come with it.

What is Menopause?

Menopause is defined as the cessation of Menstruation for twelve consecutive months, marking the end of a woman's fertility. It typically occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age of onset being 51. During Menopause, the ovaries produce less oestrogen and progesterone, leading to various physical and emotional changes.

Common Symptoms of Menopause -

• Irregular periods

• Hot Flashes and Night Sweats

• Mood Swings

• Insomnia

• Vaginal Dryness

• Weight Gain

• Decreased Libido

• Memory Problems

• Brain Fog

Managing Menopausal Symptoms

While Menopause is a natural process, its symptoms can be challenging for many women. Fortunately, there are several ways to manage these symptoms and improve overall quality of life.

• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) - HRT can help alleviate hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and other menopausal symptoms by replacing the hormones that the body is no longer producing in sufficient quantities.

• Lifestyle Changes - Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and practicing stress-reducing activities such as yoga or meditation can help manage menopausal symptoms.

• Alternative Therapies - Some women find relief from menopausal symptoms through acupuncture, herbal supplements, or other alternative therapies.

Embracing Menopause as a New Chapter -

Menopause is not the end of a woman's vitality and femininity; it is a new chapter in life that can bring wisdom, self-discovery, and empowerment.

It is essential for women to embrace this transition with open minds and hearts, and to seek support from healthcare providers, friends, and family members as needed. Menopause is a journey that every woman navigates differently, but with the right resources and mindset, it can be a transformative and liberating experience.

In conclusion, Menopause is a natural and inevitable stage in a woman's life that marks the end of her reproductive years. By understanding the symptoms, seeking appropriate treatment, and embracing this transition with grace and confidence, women can navigate menopause with greater ease and empowerment. Remember, Menopause is not the end - it is a new beginning filled with possibilities and opportunities for growth.

Pelvic Floor Health refers to the overall well-being and functioning of the muscles, nerves, and connective tissue in the pelvis, which play a crucial role in maintaining urinary and bowel function, supporting the pelvic organs, and facilitating sexual function. A healthy pelvic floor is essential for overall physical and emotional well-being.

The Pelvic Floor Muscles are made up of three main layers -

1. Superficial Layer - The external anal sphincter and the Bulbospongiosus muscle.

2. Intermediate Layer - The Pubococcygeus muscle and the Iliococcygeus muscle.

3. Deep Layer - The Levator Ani muscle and the Coccygeus muscle.

The functions of the Pelvic Floor Muscles include -

1. Urinary Continence - Preventing urine from leaking out of the body by controlling the bladder neck and urethra.

2. Bowel Control - Regulating bowel movements and preventing accidental bowel movements (incontinence).

3. Supporting Pelvic Organs - Maintaining the position and stability of the uterus, bladder, rectum, and small intestine.

4. Sexual Function - Participating in sexual arousal, orgasm, and ejaculation.

5. Posture and Movement - Assisting with pelvic stability during movement, balance, and posture.

Factors that can affect Pelvic Floor Health include -

1. Childbirth - Trauma during delivery can lead to muscle tears or weakness.

2. Aging - Muscles can weaken with age, leading to decreased tone and function.

3. Obesity - Excess weight can put additional strain on the pelvic floor muscles.

4. Prolonged Sitting or Standing - Prolonged periods of inactivity can lead to muscle weakness and atrophy.

5. Weakened Muscles - Weakness or paralysis of the pelvic floor muscles due to nerve damage or disease.

Symptoms of Poor Pelvic Floor Health include -

1. Urinary Incontinence (UI)

2. Overactive Bladder (OAB)

3. Bowel Incontinence

4. Pelvic Organ Prolapse

5. Chronic Pain in the Pelvis or Lower Back

6. Sexual Dysfunction

7. Changes in Bowel Habits

To maintain good Pelvic Floor Health -

1. Practice Kegel Exercises - Squeeze and release the pelvic muscles as if stopping the flow of urine.

2. Maintain a Healthy Weight

3. Engage in regular Physical Activity

4. Avoid Heavy Lifting or Bending

5. Practice Good Posture

6. Manage Stress through Relaxation Techniques like Deep Breathing, Meditation, or Yoga

It's essential to prioritise Pelvic Floor Health to maintain overall physical and emotional well-being throughout one's life!

Perimenopause is a transitional period that occurs in a woman's life when her body begins to prepare for Menopause. It's a time of hormonal changes, which can lead to various physical and emotional symptoms. The term "Perimenopause" literally means "around menopause," as it's a period of transition that can last several years.

During Perimenopause, the ovaries start to produce less oestrogen and progesterone, the two primary female hormones. This decline in hormone production can cause a range of symptoms, including -

1. Irregular Menstrual Cycles - Menstrual periods may become irregular, with longer or shorter cycles, or even stop temporarily.

2. Hot Flashes - Sudden feelings of heat, often accompanied by sweating, flushing, and rapid heartbeat.

3. Night Sweats - Waking up during the night due to hot flashes or night sweats.

4. Mood Changes - Irritability, anxiety, and mood swings are common during perimenopause.

5. Sleep Disturbances - Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep due to hot flashes or other symptoms.

6. Vaginal Dryness - Decreased vaginal lubrication and elasticity can lead to discomfort during sexual activity.

7. Weight Gain - Hormonal changes can cause weight gain, particularly around the midsection.

8. Fatigue - Feeling tired or exhausted due to hormonal fluctuations.

9. Memory Changes - Some women may experience memory lapses or difficulty concentrating.

Perimenopause can last anywhere from 2-10 years, with an average duration of 4-6 years. During this time, women may experience a mix of symptoms that vary in severity and frequency.

Risk Factors for Perimenopause include -

• Age - Perimenopause typically begins in women over 40 years old.

• Family History - Women with a family history of early Menopause may experience Perimenopause earlier.

• Lifestyle Factors - Smoking, obesity, and certain medical conditions can affect hormone levels and increase the risk of Perimenopause.

• Medical Treatments - Certain medications, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, can induce early menopause.

While Perimenopause can be uncomfortable and frustrating at times, there are ways to manage symptoms -

1. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) - Prescribed medications that replace or regulate Oestrogen levels to alleviate symptoms.

2. Lifestyle Changes - Exercise regularly, maintain a healthy diet, and practice stress-reducing techniques like meditation or yoga.

3. Alternative Therapies - Consider acupuncture, herbal supplements, or natural remedies like black cohosh or red clover.

With the right support and guidance, you can navigate this transitional phase and maintain your overall Well-being.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is a complex condition characterised by a cluster of symptoms, including -

• Irregular Menstrual Cycles - Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) often experience irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles or may stop getting periods altogether.

• Cysts on the Ovaries - The ovaries become enlarged and contain multiple fluid-filled sacs, known as cysts.

• Hormonal Imbalances - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is caused by an imbalance of hormones, particularly androgens (male hormones) and oestrogen.

• Insulin Resistance - Many women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) have insulin resistance, which can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• Weight Gain - Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) often experience weight gain, particularly around the midsection.

• Acne and Excess Hair Growth - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can cause acne, excess hair growth on the face, chest, and back, and male-pattern baldness.

• Infertility - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of infertility in women, due to ovulation problems.

The exact causes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic and environmental factors. Some potential risk factors include -

1. Family History - Women with a family history of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are more likely to develop the condition.

2. Obesity - Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

3. Stress - High levels of stress can exacerbate symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is diagnosed based on the following criteria. Presence of at least two of the following symptoms -

• Irregular Menstrual Cycles

• Cysts on the Ovaries

• High levels of Androgens in the Blood

• Exclusion of other Medical Conditions that could cause similar symptoms

There is no cure for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), but it can be managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. Treatment options may include -

• Birth Control Pills - Hormonal birth control pills can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms of acne and excess hair growth.

• Fertility Medications - Fertility medications such as clomiphene citrate can help stimulate ovulation and increase fertility.

• Metformin - Metformin, a medication typically used to treat Type 2 Diabetes, can help improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes.

• Weight Loss - Losing weight through diet and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

• Lifestyle Changes - Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management techniques such as yoga or meditation can also help manage symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

In addition to these treatment options, women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) should also focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle by -

• Eating a balanced Diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables

• Engaging in regular Physical Activity, such as walking or swimming

• Managing Stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing

• Monitoring Blood Sugar Levels if prescribed medication for insulin resistance

Early diagnosis and treatment can help women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) manage their symptoms and improve their overall health outcomes.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe and debilitating form of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) that affects approximately 5% of women of reproductive age. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is characterised by intense physical and emotional symptoms that occur regularly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, just before menstruation.

The most common symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) include -

• Severe Mood Changes - Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) may experience intense feelings of anger, anxiety, irritability, and sadness.

• Mood Swings - Mood swings are a hallmark symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), with rapid changes in mood from good to bad or vice versa.

• Anxiety - Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) may experience excessive worry, fear, and apprehension.

• Depression - Depression is a common symptom of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), characterised by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness.

• Fatigue - Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) often report feeling exhausted and lacking energy.

• Sleep Disturbances - Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) can cause insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness).

• Increased Appetite - Some women may experience increased appetite or cravings for certain foods.

• Breast Tenderness - Hormonal changes can cause breast tenderness and swelling.

• Physical Symptoms - Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) may experience headaches, joint pain, and muscle pain.

The exact causes of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the interaction between hormonal fluctuations and brain chemistry. Women with a family history of depression or anxiety may be more likely to develop Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).

Diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and psychological evaluation. The diagnostic criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) include -

1. Symptoms must occur regularly during the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle.

2. Symptoms must significantly interfere with Daily Life and Relationships.

3. Symptoms must not be due to another Medical or Psychiatric Condition.

Treatment for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes. Medications used to treat Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) include -

1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) - SSRIs are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

2. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) - SNRIs are also used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

3. Hormonal Birth Control - Hormonal birth control pills or patches can help regulate hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Lifestyle changes that can help manage Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) symptoms include -

1. Keeping a symptom journal to track symptoms and identify patterns.

2. Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga.

3. Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking or swimming.

4. Eating a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

5. Getting enough sleep and establishing a consistent sleep schedule.

It's essential for women who experience severe Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMS) symptoms to consult with a healthcare provider to rule out other underlying medical conditions and develop a treatment plan tailored to their individual needs. With proper treatment and support, women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) can manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) is a collection of physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms that occur in many women in the days leading up to their menstrual period. The symptoms can vary in severity and may affect women differently, but they typically begin after ovulation and end once menstruation begins.

Physical symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) may include -

• Bloating and Water Retention

• Breast Tenderness

• Weight Gain or Weight Loss

• Headaches

• Fatigue

• Sleep Disturbances

• Changes in Appetite or Food Cravings

Emotional Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) may include -

• Mood Swings or Irritability

• Anxiety or Nervousness

• Depression or Feelings of Sadness

• Increased Sensitivity to Stress

• Difficulty Concentrating or Focus

• Mood Swings or Emotional Ups and Downs

Psychological Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome may include -

• Difficulty making decisions or concentrating

• Increased Anxiety or Worry about daily tasks

• Feelings of Overwhelm or Frustration

• Increased Sensitivity to Criticism or Rejection

• Difficulty Communicating with others

The exact causes of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the fluctuation of hormone levels, particularly Oestrogen and Progesterone, in the days leading up to menstruation. Some theories suggest that Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) may be caused by -

• The sudden drop in Oestrogen levels after ovulation, which can lead to changes in neurotransmitter levels and mood.

• The increase in Progesterone levels, which can cause relaxation and sedation, but also anxiety and irritability in some women.

• Genetic Predisposition, as some women may be more prone to experiencing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) due to their genetic makeup.

• Hormonal Imbalances, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Thyroid Disorders, or Hypothyroidism.

Treatment for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) typically focuses on managing symptoms and improving overall well-being. Some effective strategies for managing Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) include -

• Keeping a symptom journal to track symptoms and identify patterns.

• Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga.

• Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking or swimming.

• Eating a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

• Getting enough sleep and establishing a consistent sleep schedule.

• Avoiding triggers that exacerbate symptoms, such as caffeine or nicotine.

• Considering hormonal birth control options, such as the pill or patch, which can help regulate hormones and alleviate symptoms.

It's essential for women to talk to their Doctor about their symptoms and develop a personalised treatment plan. With the right treatment and self-care strategies, many women can manage their Premenstrual Syndrome (PMT) symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

Prolapse is a medical condition in which an organ or tissue in the body protrudes or drops from its normal position, often due to weakness or damage to the muscles or connective tissue that hold it in place. Prolapse can occur in various parts of the body, including the bladder, uterus, rectum, and vagina.

Types of Prolapse

1. Uterine Prolapse - Also known as prolapsed uterus, this occurs when the uterus drops down into the vagina due to weakened pelvic muscles and ligaments.

2. Bladder Prolapse - Also known as cystocele, this occurs when the bladder bulges into the vagina due to weakened pelvic muscles and ligaments.

3. Rectal Prolapse - This occurs when the rectum bulges out of the anus due to weakened pelvic muscles and connective tissue.

4. Vaginal Prolapse - This occurs when the top of the vagina drops down into the vaginal opening due to weakened pelvic muscles and ligaments.

Causes of Prolapse

1. Aging - As women age, the pelvic muscles and connective tissue naturally weaken, making them more susceptible to prolapse.

2. Childbirth - Vaginal delivery can cause stretching and weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments, leading to prolapse.

3. Obesity - Excess weight can put additional pressure on the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue, leading to weakening.

4. Chronic Coughing - Chronic coughing can cause straining on the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue, leading to weakening.

5. Weakened Pelvic Floor Muscles - Injury or trauma to the pelvic floor muscles can cause them to weaken over time.

6. Hormonal Changes - Hormonal changes during menopause can cause a decline in collagen production, leading to weakened pelvic connective tissue.

Symptoms of Prolapse

1. Pelvic Pressure - Feeling of heaviness or pressure in the pelvis

2. Discomfort - Painful sensation during sexual intercourse or bowel movements

3. Urinary Problems - Difficulty urinating, frequent urination, or feeling like the bladder is not fully empty

4. Bowel Problems - Constipation, straining during bowel movements, or feeling like the bowels are not fully empty

5. Vaginal Discharge - Discharge or bleeding from the vagina

Treatment for Prolapse

1. Pelvic Floor Exercises - Physical therapy exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles

2. Kegel Exercises - Specific exercises that target the pelvic floor muscles

3. Surgery - Surgical procedures to repair or support weakened tissues

4. Pessaries - Devices inserted into the vagina to provide support and elevate organs

5. Lifestyle Changes - Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy lifting, and avoiding activities that strain the pelvic floor muscles

Prevention

1. Pelvic Floor Exercises - Regularly exercising the pelvic floor muscles can help strengthen them and prevent prolapse

2. Healthy Weight - Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce pressure on the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue

3. Proper Lifting Techniques - Proper lifting techniques can help avoid straining the pelvic floor muscles

4. Avoiding Heavy Activities - Avoiding activities that involve heavy lifting or straining can help prevent prolapse

It's essential for women to be aware of their bodies and seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of prolapse. Early detection and treatment can help prevent further complications and improve quality of life.

Skin tags, also known as Acrochordons, are small, soft, benign growths that can appear on the skin. They are usually harmless but can be a nuisance and affect a person's self-confidence. Here's what you need to know -

What are Skin Tags?

Skin Tags are small, flapping pieces of skin that grow from a stalk-like structure. They can appear anywhere on the body, but are most common in areas where the skin folds or creases, such as -

• Neck

• Armpits

• Groin

• Under the breasts

• Eyelids

What causes Skin Tags?

The exact cause of Skin Tags is unknown, but they tend to occur more frequently in people who -

• Are overweight or obese

• Have Diabetes

• Are Older (more common after age 50)

• Have had a weakened Immune System (e.g., due to medication or illness)

• Have family history of Skin Tags

What do Skin Tags look like?

Skin Tags are usually -

• Small (1-5 mm in size)

• Flapping or dangling from the skin

• Soft and flesh-coloured or slightly darker than the surrounding skin

• May be covered with a thin layer of skin

Are Skin Tags contagious?

No, Skin Tags are not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person.

Do Skin Tags hurt or cause discomfort?

Skin Tags are generally harmless and do not cause pain or discomfort. However, they can -

• Irritate the surrounding skin

• Catch on clothing or jewellery

• Bleed if they become irritated or injured

How are Skin Tags treated?

While most Skin Tags don't require medical treatment, there are several options to remove them -

1. Cryotherapy - Freezing the tag with liquid nitrogen.

2. Cutting - Removing the tag with scissors or a scalpel.

3. Ligation - Tying off the base of the tag with a piece of thread or dental floss.

4. Over-the-counter removal creams - Using products containing salicylic acid or tea tree oil to help dissolve the tag.

5. Professional Removal - A dermatologist or healthcare professional may use one of the above methods or perform surgical excision.

Remember, while Skin Tags are generally harmless, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional if you're unsure about removing them, especially if it's growing rapidly, changes in colour, or becomes painful. Also, if you experience any complications during the removal process then please consult a professional immediately.