Pernicious Anaemia

Pernicious Anaemia is primarily caused by an autoimmune reaction in which the

body's immune system attacks the parietal cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic

factor. This leads to a decrease in the production of intrinsic factor, resulting in

impaired absorption of Vitamin B12.

Other factors that can contribute to the development of Pernicious Anaemia include:

• Genetic Predisposition - Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to Autoimmune Diseases, increasing their risk of developing Pernicious Anaemia.

• Gastric Surgery or certain Gastrointestinal Conditions - Conditions such as atrophic gastritis, gastric bypass surgery, or conditions affecting the small intestine can interfere with the absorption of Vitamin B12, leading to Pernicious Anaemia.

The symptoms of Pernicious Anaemia can vary in severity and may develop gradually over time. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue and Weakness

• Shortness of Breath or Dizziness

• Pale or Yellowish Skin

• Numbness or Tingling in the Hands and Feet

• Cognitive Difficulties, such as Memory Loss or Confusion

• Mood Changes, such as Depression or Irritability

• Sore, Red, or Swollen Tongue

• Digestive Issues, such as loss of appetite, weight loss, or diarrhea

It is essential to recognise these symptoms and seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment of Pernicious Anaemia.

Diagnosing Pernicious Anaemia typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, blood tests, and sometimes additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy or imaging studies. Blood tests that may be performed include:

• Complete Blood Count to assess Red Blood Cell Count and Morphology

• Vitamin B12 levels to determine if there is a deficiency (it is important to be clear of all supplants for a month before testing to avoid an inaccurate reading)

• Antibody Testing to check for the presence of antibodies against Intrinsic Factor or Parietal Cells

• Schilling Test to evaluate the absorption of Vitamin B12

The treatment of Pernicious Anaemia aims to replenish Vitamin B12 levels in the body and manage symptoms. Common treatment options include:

• Vitamin B12 Injections - Patients with Pernicious Anaemia often require lifelong Vitamin B12 injections to overcome the absorption issues caused by the lack of Intrinsic Factor.

• Oral Vitamin B12 Supplements - In some cases, high-dose oral B12 supplements may be prescribed for individuals with mild deficiencies.

• Dietary Changes - Consuming foods rich in Vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, fish and dairy products can help support B12 levels in individuals with Pernicious Anaemia.

If left untreated, Pernicious Anaemia can lead to severe complications, including permanent neurological damage, heart problems, and an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for individuals with Pernicious Anaemia is generally good. Lifelong management of the condition through regular monitoring of Vitamin B12 levels, dietary modifications, and adherence to prescribed treatments can help individuals with Pernicious Anaemia lead a relatively normal and healthy life.

In conclusion, Pernicious Anaemia is a Complex Blood Disorder characterised by a deficiency of Vitamin B12 due to the Autoimmune Destruction of Parietal Cells in the stomach. Recognising the symptoms, seeking timely diagnosis, and following an appropriate treatment plan are crucial for managing Pernicious Anaemia and preventing complications. By working closely with healthcare providers and adopting lifestyle changes that support overall Health and Well-Being, individuals with Pernicious Anaemia can effectively manage their condition and lead fulfilling lives.